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Flyweight grid: 20,000,000 cells

Ground truth lives in columnar typed arrays; rendered cells are disposable flyweight facades created per render pass; a sparse reactive overlay materializes per observation and evicts with the viewport. ~55% of cells hold real Excel-syntax formulas. Everything costs proportional to what is observed — never to what exists.

Nothing downloads until you click — the model code and the formula parser load on demand, then one more click creates all 20,000,000 cells in your browser.

What to notice

  • Creation fills ~95 MB of typed arrays — not 20 million objects. The reactive layer allocates only for cells something actually observes.
  • Edit a cell at row 1,000,000 and the column totals react — the dependency graph is discovered per observation, not precomputed.
  • The measured protocol, numbers and design live in RESULTS.md and DESIGN.md; the deeper story is in The Flyweight Pattern guide.

The source

The heart of the pattern — the sheet (columnar ground truth + sparse overlay) and the cell facade:

ts
/**
 * FlyweightSheet — 20M cells with NO cell objects at rest.
 *
 * Ground truth is columnar (`kind` Uint8Array + lazily-allocated Float64Array
 * per column + a sparse Map for text/edited-formula sources). Reactivity is a
 * SPARSE OVERLAY that materializes per observation:
 *
 *   - fine tier   — a version ref per OBSERVED cell (rendered / onCell /
 *                   small range). Precise: conditional dependencies shift.
 *   - coarse tier — a version ref per 4,096-row BLOCK, subscribed only by
 *                   LARGE ranges. =SUM(A1:A1000000) costs 245 edges, not 1M.
 *   - formula computeds — cached on demand; each carries ONE sync watcher
 *                   (the derived-write bridge) that bumps its own block when
 *                   its value changes, so coarse subscribers see through
 *                   formulas — including their out-of-range inputs.
 *
 * Writes are O(observers-of-that-cell): update the arrays, bump the fine ref
 * IF IT EXISTS and the block ref IF IT EXISTS (peek-only). A write to a
 * never-observed cell allocates nothing and notifies no one.
 *
 * The dependency graph is still DISCOVERED, never hand-built — the same
 * onCell/onRange seam as the formula grid (reference: demo/formula/Sheet.ts),
 * with the parser reading through this sheet's tracked accessors.
 */
import FormulaParser from 'fast-formula-parser';
import { pauseTracking, resetTracking } from '@vue/reactivity';
import {
  computed,
  ref,
  watch,
  type ComputedRef,
  type Ref,
  type WatchStopHandle,
} from 'vue';
import { Reactive } from '../../../ivue';
import {
  BLOCK_ROWS,
  BLOCK_SHIFT,
  COLS,
  FINE_RANGE_LIMIT,
  Kind,
  isDataCol,
  isFormulaError,
  isFormulaText,
  matchSimpleAggregate,
  numDataValue,
  patternSource,
  stripFormula,
  type CellValue,
  type SimpleAggregate,
} from '../flyweight-logic';

const { FormulaError } = FormulaParser as unknown as {
  FormulaError: new (error: string, details?: unknown) => CellValue;
};

interface RangeRef {
  from: { row: number; col: number };
  to: { row: number; col: number };
}

interface Column {
  kind: Uint8Array;
  /** Allocated on the first numeric write — formula columns never pay. */
  numbers: Float64Array | null;
  /** Sparse: typed text AND user-edited formula sources (pattern overrides). */
  text: Map<number, string>;
}

interface FormulaEntry {
  value: ComputedRef<CellValue>;
  /** Stops the derived-write bridge watcher (see formulaValue). */
  stopBridge: WatchStopHandle;
}

class $FlyweightSheet {
  readonly rows: number;
  readonly cols: number;

  // --- ground truth (plain, non-reactive) ---
  private readonly columns: Column[];

  // --- the sparse reactive overlay (empty until observed) ---
  private readonly cellVersions = new Map<number, Ref<number>>();
  private readonly blockVersions = new Map<number, Ref<number>>();
  private readonly formulaCache = new Map<number, FormulaEntry>();
  private readonly adHocCache = new Map<string, ComputedRef<CellValue>>();

  /** Blocks per column (fine↔coarse key math). */
  private readonly blockCount: number;

  /** ONE parser for the whole sheet (reference: formula grid). */
  private readonly parser: FormulaParser;
  /** Cycle guard — a cell re-entered mid-evaluation is a cycle → #REF!. */
  private readonly evaluating = new Set<number>();
  /** When non-null, tracked reads record (row,col) — dep tracing. */
  private tracer: Array<[number, number]> | null = null;

  constructor(rows: number, cols: number = COLS) {
    this.rows = rows;
    this.cols = cols;
    this.blockCount = Math.ceil(rows / BLOCK_ROWS);

    // Seed the columnar ground truth. Data columns fill Float64Arrays
    // numerically (no string round-trips — this is the whole creation cost);
    // formula columns are a single Uint8Array.fill.
    const columns: Column[] = new Array(cols);
    for (let col = 0; col < cols; col++) {
      const kind = new Uint8Array(rows);
      let numbers: Float64Array | null = null;
      if (isDataCol(col)) {
        numbers = new Float64Array(rows);
        for (let row = 0; row < rows; row++) {
          const value = numDataValue(row, col);
          if (value !== null) {
            kind[row] = Kind.Number;
            numbers[row] = value;
          } // blanks stay Kind.Blank
        }
      } else {
        kind.fill(Kind.Formula);
      }
      columns[col] = { kind, numbers, text: new Map() };
    }
    this.columns = columns;

    this.parser = new FormulaParser({
      onCell: (cellRef) => this.pointValue(cellRef.row, cellRef.col),
      onRange: (rangeRef) => this.rangeValues(rangeRef as RangeRef),
    });
  }

  // --- keys ---
  private cellKey(row: number, col: number): number {
    return col * this.rows + row;
  }

  private blockKey(row: number, col: number): number {
    return col * this.blockCount + (row >> BLOCK_SHIFT);
  }

  // --- version-ref plumbing ---
  /** Subscribe the current effect to a cell (get-OR-CREATE — observation). */
  private trackCell(row: number, col: number): void {
    const cellKey = this.cellKey(row, col);
    let versionRef = this.cellVersions.get(cellKey);
    if (!versionRef) {
      versionRef = ref(0);
      this.cellVersions.set(cellKey, versionRef);
    }
    void versionRef.value;
  }

  /** Subscribe the current effect to a block (get-or-create — observation). */
  private trackBlock(blockKey: number): void {
    let versionRef = this.blockVersions.get(blockKey);
    if (!versionRef) {
      versionRef = ref(0);
      this.blockVersions.set(blockKey, versionRef);
    }
    void versionRef.value;
  }

  /** Notify a cell's observers — PEEK-ONLY (unobserved cells cost nothing). */
  private bumpCell(row: number, col: number): void {
    const versionRef = this.cellVersions.get(this.cellKey(row, col));
    if (versionRef) versionRef.value++;
  }

  /** Notify a block's observers — peek-only. */
  private bumpBlock(row: number, col: number): void {
    const versionRef = this.blockVersions.get(this.blockKey(row, col));
    if (versionRef) versionRef.value++;
  }

  // --- raw reads ---
  /** UNTRACKED ground-truth value (blank→null). No refs, no observation. */
  rawAt(row: number, col: number): CellValue {
    const column = this.columns[col];
    switch (column.kind[row]) {
      case Kind.Number:
        return column.numbers![row];
      case Kind.Text:
        return column.text.get(row) ?? '';
      case Kind.Formula:
        return this.sourceAt(row, col); // raw view of a formula = its source
      default:
        return null;
    }
  }

  /** The literal text of a cell (formula source / number text / text). */
  sourceAt(row: number, col: number): string {
    const column = this.columns[col];
    const override = column.text.get(row);
    if (override !== undefined) return override;
    switch (column.kind[row]) {
      case Kind.Number:
        return String(column.numbers![row]);
      case Kind.Formula:
        return patternSource(row, col) ?? '';
      default:
        return '';
    }
  }

  kindAt(row: number, col: number): Kind {
    return this.columns[col].kind[row] as Kind;
  }

  // --- tracked reads ---
  /**
   * The TRACKED point read — what rendered cells, facades and onCell use.
   * Formula cells resolve through their cached computed (which carries its
   * own fine ref for source edits); everything else takes a fine ref here.
   */
  valueAt(row: number, col: number): CellValue {
    if (row < 0 || row >= this.rows || col < 0 || col >= this.cols) return null;
    if (this.columns[col].kind[row] === Kind.Formula) {
      return this.formulaValue(row, col).value;
    }
    this.trackCell(row, col);
    return this.rawAt(row, col);
  }

  /** onCell seam (1-based, like the parser). */
  private pointValue(oneBasedRow: number, oneBasedCol: number): CellValue {
    if (this.tracer) this.tracer.push([oneBasedRow, oneBasedCol]);
    return this.valueAt(oneBasedRow - 1, oneBasedCol - 1);
  }

  /**
   * onRange seam. Small ranges read per-cell (fine tier — precise).
   * Large ranges subscribe BLOCKS, then read ground truth with tracking
   * PAUSED; formula cells inside resolve through their cached computeds
   * (transitive observation, priced) whose derived-write watchers keep the
   * block tier truthful.
   */
  private rangeValues(range: RangeRef): CellValue[][] {
    const startRow = range.from.row - 1;
    const startCol = range.from.col - 1;
    const endRow = Math.min(range.to.row - 1, this.rows - 1);
    const endCol = Math.min(range.to.col - 1, this.cols - 1);
    const cellCount = (endRow - startRow + 1) * (endCol - startCol + 1);

    if (this.tracer) {
      for (let row = startRow; row <= endRow; row++)
        for (let col = startCol; col <= endCol; col++)
          this.tracer.push([row + 1, col + 1]);
    }

    const values: CellValue[][] = [];

    if (cellCount <= FINE_RANGE_LIMIT) {
      for (let row = startRow; row <= endRow; row++) {
        const rowValues: CellValue[] = [];
        for (let col = startCol; col <= endCol; col++)
          rowValues.push(this.valueAt(row, col));
        values.push(rowValues);
      }
      return values;
    }

    // Coarse tier: subscribe every covered block (tracked), …
    const firstBlock = startRow >> BLOCK_SHIFT;
    const lastBlock = endRow >> BLOCK_SHIFT;
    for (let col = startCol; col <= endCol; col++) {
      for (let block = firstBlock; block <= lastBlock; block++) {
        this.trackBlock(col * this.blockCount + block);
      }
    }

    // …then read with tracking paused (no fine edges from this range).
    pauseTracking();
    try {
      for (let row = startRow; row <= endRow; row++) {
        const rowValues: CellValue[] = [];
        for (let col = startCol; col <= endCol; col++) {
          rowValues.push(
            this.columns[col].kind[row] === Kind.Formula
              ? this.formulaValue(row, col).value
              : this.rawAt(row, col),
          );
        }
        values.push(rowValues);
      }
    } finally {
      resetTracking();
    }
    return values;
  }

  // --- formulas ---
  /**
   * The cached computed for a formula cell — created on first observation.
   * THIN on purpose: the computed and watcher bodies are small pointers to
   * named, directly testable methods on the prototype.
   */
  private formulaValue(row: number, col: number): ComputedRef<CellValue> {
    const cellKey = this.cellKey(row, col);
    let entry = this.formulaCache.get(cellKey);
    if (!entry) {
      const value = computed<CellValue>(() => this.evaluateCell(row, col));
      const stopBridge = watch(
        value,
        (newValue, oldValue) =>
          this.onFormulaValueChanged(row, col, newValue, oldValue),
        { flush: 'sync' },
      );
      entry = { value, stopBridge };
      this.formulaCache.set(cellKey, entry);
    }
    return entry.value;
  }

  /**
   * The DERIVED-WRITE BRIDGE: when a formula's value changes, bump the
   * cell's block so coarse subscribers invalidate even though the
   * underlying write happened somewhere else entirely.
   */
  private onFormulaValueChanged(
    row: number,
    col: number,
    newValue: CellValue,
    oldValue: CellValue,
  ): void {
    if (newValue !== oldValue) this.bumpBlock(row, col);
  }

  /** Evaluate a cell by its CURRENT kind (formulas through the parser). */
  private evaluateCell(row: number, col: number): CellValue {
    // Source edits / kind flips invalidate this computed via the fine ref.
    this.trackCell(row, col);
    const kind = this.columns[col].kind[row];
    if (kind !== Kind.Formula) return this.rawAt(row, col);

    const source = this.sourceAt(row, col);
    const body = stripFormula(source);
    if (body.trim().length === 0) return null;

    const cellKey = this.cellKey(row, col);
    if (this.evaluating.has(cellKey)) return new FormulaError('#REF!');
    this.evaluating.add(cellKey);
    try {
      // COLUMNAR FAST PATH: a bare aggregate over one range is computed
      // linearly over ground truth with the SAME reactive semantics (fine
      // tier small / block tier large, formulas via cached computeds). The
      // general parser's range aggregation is O(n²) in range size —
      // measured 27ms @ 10k cells → 40s @ 200k — so bulk aggregation
      // belongs to the columnar layer, exactly as desktop engines
      // special-case their range ops.
      const aggregate = matchSimpleAggregate(body);
      if (aggregate) return this.fastAggregate(aggregate);
      return this.parser.parse(body, {
        row: row + 1,
        col: col + 1,
        sheet: 'Sheet1',
      }) as CellValue;
    } catch (error) {
      return error instanceof (FormulaError as unknown as Function)
        ? (error as CellValue)
        : new FormulaError('#ERROR!');
    } finally {
      this.evaluating.delete(cellKey);
    }
  }

  /**
   * A live ad-hoc formula over the sheet (the demo's totals bar) — a cached
   * computed evaluating `body` through the same parser/seams, so a large
   * range inside it costs blocks, not cells. Thin: the computed is a pointer
   * to the named, directly testable evaluateAdHocFormula method.
   */
  liveFormula(body: string): ComputedRef<CellValue> {
    let cached = this.adHocCache.get(body);
    if (!cached) {
      cached = computed<CellValue>(() => this.evaluateAdHocFormula(body));
      this.adHocCache.set(body, cached);
    }
    return cached;
  }

  private evaluateAdHocFormula(body: string): CellValue {
    try {
      const aggregate = matchSimpleAggregate(body);
      if (aggregate) return this.fastAggregate(aggregate);
      return this.parser.parse(body, {
        row: 1,
        col: 1,
        sheet: 'Sheet1',
      }) as CellValue;
    } catch (error) {
      return error instanceof (FormulaError as unknown as Function)
        ? (error as CellValue)
        : new FormulaError('#ERROR!');
    }
  }

  /**
   * Linear aggregation over a range with the same observation semantics as
   * rangeValues: small ranges take fine per-cell tracking, large ranges take
   * block subscriptions + paused reads (formula cells through their cached
   * computeds; the derived-write bridge keeps blocks truthful). Numbers
   * aggregate; blanks/text are skipped (COUNT counts numbers, Excel-style);
   * an error value propagates.
   */
  private fastAggregate(aggregate: SimpleAggregate): CellValue {
    const startRow = aggregate.startRow - 1;
    const startCol = aggregate.startCol - 1;
    const endRow = Math.min(aggregate.endRow - 1, this.rows - 1);
    const endCol = Math.min(aggregate.endCol - 1, this.cols - 1);
    const cellCount = (endRow - startRow + 1) * (endCol - startCol + 1);
    const isFineTier = cellCount <= FINE_RANGE_LIMIT;

    if (!isFineTier) {
      const firstBlock = startRow >> BLOCK_SHIFT;
      const lastBlock = endRow >> BLOCK_SHIFT;
      for (let col = startCol; col <= endCol; col++) {
        for (let block = firstBlock; block <= lastBlock; block++) {
          this.trackBlock(col * this.blockCount + block);
        }
      }
      pauseTracking();
    }
    try {
      let sum = 0;
      let count = 0;
      let min = Infinity;
      let max = -Infinity;
      for (let col = startCol; col <= endCol; col++) {
        const column = this.columns[col];
        for (let row = startRow; row <= endRow; row++) {
          let cellValue: CellValue;
          if (isFineTier) {
            cellValue = this.valueAt(row, col);
          } else if (column.kind[row] === Kind.Formula) {
            cellValue = this.formulaValue(row, col).value;
          } else {
            cellValue = this.rawAt(row, col);
          }
          if (typeof cellValue === 'number') {
            sum += cellValue;
            count++;
            if (cellValue < min) min = cellValue;
            if (cellValue > max) max = cellValue;
          } else if (isFormulaError(cellValue)) {
            return cellValue; // errors propagate, Excel-style
          }
        }
      }
      switch (aggregate.fn) {
        case 'SUM':
          return sum;
        case 'AVERAGE':
          return count === 0 ? new FormulaError('#DIV/0!') : sum / count;
        case 'COUNT':
          return count;
        case 'MIN':
          return count === 0 ? 0 : min;
        case 'MAX':
          return count === 0 ? 0 : max;
        default:
          return new FormulaError('#VALUE!'); // unreachable — union is exhaustive
      }
    } finally {
      if (!isFineTier) resetTracking();
    }
  }

  // --- writes ---
  /**
   * THE single write path. O(1) storage update + O(observers) notification.
   * Never allocates reactive state (peek-only bumps).
   */
  write(row: number, col: number, input: string): void {
    const column = this.columns[col];
    const trimmed = input.trim();
    if (isFormulaText(input)) {
      column.kind[row] = Kind.Formula;
      column.text.set(row, input);
    } else if (trimmed.length === 0) {
      column.kind[row] = Kind.Blank;
      column.text.delete(row);
    } else {
      const numeric = Number(trimmed);
      if (!Number.isNaN(numeric) && Number.isFinite(numeric)) {
        if (!column.numbers) column.numbers = new Float64Array(this.rows);
        column.kind[row] = Kind.Number;
        column.numbers[row] = numeric;
        column.text.delete(row);
      } else {
        column.kind[row] = Kind.Text;
        column.text.set(row, input);
      }
    }
    this.bumpCell(row, col);
    this.bumpBlock(row, col);
  }

  // --- diagnostics ---
  /**
   * Which cells does (row,col)'s formula CURRENTLY read? Re-parses once with
   * the read-tap on — it walks the same onCell/onRange path Vue tracks, so
   * the set IS the live dependency set (and visibly SHIFTS across an IF's
   * branch boundary). 1-based in/out, like the formula grid's traceDeps.
   */
  traceDeps(oneBasedRow: number, oneBasedCol: number): Array<[number, number]> {
    const row = oneBasedRow - 1;
    const col = oneBasedCol - 1;
    if (this.columns[col]?.kind[row] !== Kind.Formula) return [];
    const body = stripFormula(this.sourceAt(row, col));
    if (body.trim().length === 0) return [];

    const previousTracer = this.tracer;
    this.tracer = [];
    pauseTracking();
    try {
      this.parser.parse(body, {
        row: oneBasedRow,
        col: oneBasedCol,
        sheet: 'Sheet1',
      });
    } catch {
      /* keep whatever reads happened before the error */
    } finally {
      resetTracking();
    }
    const recorded = this.tracer;
    this.tracer = previousTracer;

    const seenKeys = new Set<number>();
    const dependencies: Array<[number, number]> = [];
    for (const [row1, col1] of recorded) {
      const dedupeKey = row1 * (this.cols + 1) + col1;
      if (!seenKeys.has(dedupeKey)) {
        seenKeys.add(dedupeKey);
        dependencies.push([row1, col1]);
      }
    }
    return dependencies;
  }

  /** The observation census — the law, measurable. */
  stats() {
    return {
      fineRefs: this.cellVersions.size,
      blockRefs: this.blockVersions.size,
      formulaComputeds: this.formulaCache.size,
      adHocFormulas: this.adHocCache.size,
    };
  }

  /**
   * Release a formula cell's cached computed (stops its derived-write
   * watcher). Production ties this to viewport/refcount eviction — see
   * DESIGN.md honest boundaries.
   */
  releaseFormula(row: number, col: number): void {
    const cellKey = this.cellKey(row, col);
    const entry = this.formulaCache.get(cellKey);
    if (entry) {
      entry.stopBridge();
      this.formulaCache.delete(cellKey);
    }
  }

  /**
   * Viewport-tied eviction: release overlay entries (fine refs + formula
   * computeds) for all rows OUTSIDE [keepStart, keepEnd]. Row-scoped and
   * column-agnostic. Block refs are kept (bounded: ≤ blockCount × cols).
   *
   * SAFETY relies on dependency LOCALITY: a released fine ref / computed
   * must not have live dependents outside the kept range. In this layout
   * the longest dependency reach is the running-sum chain (RUNSUM_BLOCK =
   * 50 rows), so callers must keep a margin ≥ that around the viewport.
   * A production impl replaces this with refcounts; documented boundary.
   *
   * Correctness after release is by re-materialization: the next
   * observation of a released cell creates a fresh ref/computed over the
   * unchanged ground truth.
   */
  evictOutsideRows(keepStart: number, keepEnd: number): number {
    let released = 0;
    for (const [cellKey, entry] of this.formulaCache) {
      const row = cellKey % this.rows;
      if (row < keepStart || row > keepEnd) {
        entry.stopBridge();
        this.formulaCache.delete(cellKey);
        released++;
      }
    }
    for (const cellKey of this.cellVersions.keys()) {
      const row = cellKey % this.rows;
      if (row < keepStart || row > keepEnd) {
        this.cellVersions.delete(cellKey);
        released++;
      }
    }
    return released;
  }

  /** Drop the entire overlay (watchers stopped). Ground truth untouched. */
  releaseAll(): void {
    for (const entry of this.formulaCache.values()) entry.stopBridge();
    this.formulaCache.clear();
    this.cellVersions.clear();
    this.blockVersions.clear();
    this.adHocCache.clear();
  }
}

export namespace FlyweightSheet {
  export const $Class = $FlyweightSheet;
  export let Class = Reactive($Class);
  export type Instance = typeof Class.Instance;
}
ts
/**
 * FlyweightCell — the disposable facade. THREE fields; everything else is
 * plain getters delegating to the sheet's tracked accessors, so:
 *
 *   - construction allocates one near-empty object (ivue runs nothing at
 *     `new`, and plain getters de-optimize to native prototype getters);
 *   - reads are tracked through whatever effect performs them — a facade in
 *     a template subscribes the component exactly like a real cell would;
 *   - the reactive state lives on the SHEET's sparse overlay, so facades are
 *     created per render and dropped on scroll with zero loss.
 *
 * The reference `FormulaCell` (demo/formula) holds its own ref + computed;
 * this holds NOTHING — that is the flyweight move.
 */
import { Reactive } from '../../../ivue';
import { Kind, cssOf, displayOf, type CellValue } from '../flyweight-logic';
import type { FlyweightSheet } from './FlyweightSheet';

class $FlyweightCell {
  readonly sheet: FlyweightSheet.Instance;
  readonly row: number;
  readonly col: number;

  constructor(sheet: FlyweightSheet.Instance, row: number, col: number) {
    this.sheet = sheet;
    this.row = row;
    this.col = col;
  }

  /** Resolved value — tracked point read through the sheet. */
  get value(): CellValue {
    return this.sheet.valueAt(this.row, this.col);
  }

  /** The literal text (formula source / number text). */
  get source(): string {
    return this.sheet.sourceAt(this.row, this.col);
  }

  get isFormula(): boolean {
    return this.sheet.kindAt(this.row, this.col) === Kind.Formula;
  }

  get display(): string {
    return displayOf(this.value);
  }

  get cssClass(): string {
    return cssOf(this.value, this.isFormula);
  }

  write(input: string): void {
    this.sheet.write(this.row, this.col, input);
  }
}

export namespace FlyweightCell {
  export const $Class = $FlyweightCell;
  export let Class = Reactive($Class);
  export type Instance = typeof Class.Instance;
}
ts
/**
 * Page controller for the flyweight grid, authored per the ivue operating
 * manual. The composition-API version of this logic carried seven
 * `computed()`s; under the doctrine exactly ONE survives (`visibleRows`,
 * render suppression) — every other derivation is a plain getter at zero
 * bytes per instance. The one computed is THIN: its body delegates to the
 * directly testable `buildVisibleRows()` method.
 */
import {
  computed,
  getCurrentScope,
  onMounted,
  onScopeDispose,
  ref,
  shallowRef,
  watch,
  type ComputedRef,
} from 'vue';
import { Reactive } from '../../ivue';
import {
  COLS,
  OVERSCAN,
  ROWS_1M,
  ROW_HEIGHT,
  VIEWPORT_HEIGHT,
  colLabel,
  type CellValue,
} from './flyweight-logic';
import { FlyweightCell } from './model/FlyweightCell';
import { FlyweightSheet } from './model/FlyweightSheet';

export interface PageRow {
  row: number;
  cells: FlyweightCell.Instance[];
}

/**
 * Scroll has physical walls: Chrome's compositor does scroll math in
 * FLOAT32 (dead past 2^24 = 16,777,216 px — a 28M px scroller stops at
 * ~row 599,186); Firefox caps element height at ~17.9M px. Cap the
 * physical height under both and map scroll ratio → virtual offset (the
 * scaled scrollbar every big-grid engine uses; ~2.4:1 at 1M rows).
 */
const MAX_SCROLL_HEIGHT = 12_000_000;

/** Eviction margin ≫ the 50-row running-sum reach (dependency locality). */
const EVICT_MARGIN_ROWS = 512;

class $FlyweightGridPage {
  constructor() {
    // Viewport-tied eviction, debounced so a fast flick doesn't thrash.
    // Plain watch: the constructor runs in setup() context, so the
    // component scope owns and stops it on unmount.
    watch(
      () => this.startRow,
      () => this.scheduleEviction(),
    );

    onMounted(() => {
      this.censusTimer = setInterval(() => this.pollCensus(), 500);
      this.installHarness();
    });

    // Timers die with the component (watchers are component-scoped already).
    if (getCurrentScope()) {
      onScopeDispose(() => {
        if (this.censusTimer) clearInterval(this.censusTimer);
        if (this.evictTimer) clearTimeout(this.evictTimer);
      });
    }
  }

  // --- state ---
  get sheet() {
    return shallowRef<FlyweightSheet.Instance | null>(null);
  }
  get creationMs() {
    return ref(0);
  }
  get scrollTop() {
    return ref(0);
  }
  /** Template-ref target — destructured by the SFC for ref="scrollEl". */
  get scrollEl() {
    return ref<HTMLElement | null>(null);
  }
  get editing() {
    return ref<{ row: number; col: number } | null>(null);
  }
  get draft() {
    return ref('');
  }
  /** Polled diagnostics, not model state — refreshed on an interval. */
  get census() {
    return ref({
      fineRefs: 0,
      blockRefs: 0,
      formulaComputeds: 0,
      adHocFormulas: 0,
    });
  }

  // --- non-reactive infra (timers) ---
  private censusTimer: ReturnType<typeof setInterval> | null = null;
  private evictTimer: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | null = null;

  // --- derived (plain getters) ---
  get hasModel() {
    return this.sheet.value !== null;
  }
  get modelCells() {
    return this.sheet.value ? this.sheet.value.rows * COLS : 0;
  }
  get naturalHeight() {
    return this.sheet.value ? this.sheet.value.rows * ROW_HEIGHT : 0;
  }
  get totalHeight() {
    return Math.min(this.naturalHeight, MAX_SCROLL_HEIGHT);
  }
  get scrollScale() {
    return this.naturalHeight > this.totalHeight
      ? (this.naturalHeight - VIEWPORT_HEIGHT) /
          (this.totalHeight - VIEWPORT_HEIGHT)
      : 1;
  }
  /** Position in CONTENT space (0 … naturalHeight − viewport). */
  get virtualTop() {
    return this.scrollTop.value * this.scrollScale;
  }
  get startRow() {
    return Math.max(0, Math.floor(this.virtualTop / ROW_HEIGHT) - OVERSCAN);
  }
  get endRow() {
    const visibleCount = Math.ceil(VIEWPORT_HEIGHT / ROW_HEIGHT);
    return this.sheet.value
      ? Math.min(
          this.sheet.value.rows,
          this.startRow + visibleCount + OVERSCAN * 2,
        )
      : 0;
  }
  /** Pin the window band under the physical scroll position (degenerates
   *  to startRow × ROW_HEIGHT when scale = 1). */
  get offsetY() {
    return (
      this.scrollTop.value - (this.virtualTop - this.startRow * ROW_HEIGHT)
    );
  }

  /**
   * The ONLY cell objects in existence — facades for the visible window.
   * The one surgical computed() on this page: without the cache, the
   * 500ms census poll would re-render the component and a plain getter
   * would rebuild ~520 facades per poll; cached, an unchanged window
   * returns the same array instance and the v-for never re-patches.
   */
  get visibleRows(): ComputedRef<PageRow[]> {
    return computed(() => this.buildVisibleRows());
  }

  private buildVisibleRows(): PageRow[] {
    const sheet = this.sheet.value;
    if (!sheet) return [];
    const pageRows: PageRow[] = [];
    for (let row = this.startRow; row < this.endRow; row++) {
      const cells: FlyweightCell.Instance[] = new Array(COLS);
      for (let col = 0; col < COLS; col++)
        cells[col] = new FlyweightCell.Class(sheet, row, col);
      pageRows.push({ row, cells });
    }
    return pageRows;
  }

  /** Live full-column totals (block tier: 245 edges each). liveFormula is
   *  cached on the sheet, so rebuilding this array per render is pointer
   *  work — a plain getter suffices. */
  get totals(): { label: string; total: ComputedRef<CellValue> }[] {
    const sheet = this.sheet.value;
    if (!sheet) return [];
    const lastRow = sheet.rows;
    return [
      {
        label: `SUM(A1:A${lastRow})`,
        total: sheet.liveFormula(`SUM(A1:A${lastRow})`),
      },
      {
        label: `AVERAGE(B1:B${lastRow})`,
        total: sheet.liveFormula(`AVERAGE(B1:B${lastRow})`),
      },
      {
        label: `SUM(D1:D${lastRow})`,
        total: sheet.liveFormula(`SUM(D1:D${lastRow})`),
      },
    ];
  }

  get activeRef() {
    const editing = this.editing.value;
    return editing ? colLabel(editing.col) + (editing.row + 1) : '';
  }
  get activeSource() {
    const editing = this.editing.value;
    return editing && this.sheet.value
      ? this.sheet.value.sourceAt(editing.row, editing.col)
      : '';
  }

  // --- methods ---
  createModel() {
    this.editing.value = null;
    const startedAt = performance.now();
    const sheet = new FlyweightSheet.Class(ROWS_1M, COLS);
    this.creationMs.value = performance.now() - startedAt;
    this.sheet.value = sheet;
    this.pollCensus();
    // eslint-disable-next-line no-console
    console.log(
      `[flyweight] created ${(ROWS_1M * COLS).toLocaleString()} cells in ${this.creationMs.value.toFixed(1)}ms`,
    );
  }

  onScroll(event: Event) {
    this.scrollTop.value = (event.target as HTMLElement).scrollTop;
  }

  isEditing(row: number, col: number) {
    const editing = this.editing.value;
    return !!editing && editing.row === row && editing.col === col;
  }

  edit(cell: FlyweightCell.Instance) {
    this.editing.value = { row: cell.row, col: cell.col };
    this.draft.value = cell.source;
  }

  commitEdit() {
    const editing = this.editing.value;
    if (editing && this.sheet.value)
      this.sheet.value.write(editing.row, editing.col, this.draft.value);
    this.editing.value = null;
  }

  pollCensus() {
    const sheet = this.sheet.value;
    if (sheet) this.census.value = sheet.stats();
  }

  scheduleEviction() {
    if (this.evictTimer) clearTimeout(this.evictTimer);
    this.evictTimer = setTimeout(() => {
      const sheet = this.sheet.value;
      if (!sheet) return;
      sheet.evictOutsideRows(
        Math.max(0, this.startRow - EVICT_MARGIN_ROWS),
        this.endRow + EVICT_MARGIN_ROWS,
      );
      this.pollCensus();
    }, 300);
  }

  scrollToRow(row: number) {
    const scrollEl = this.scrollEl.value;
    if (!this.sheet.value || !scrollEl) return;
    const targetPx =
      (row * ROW_HEIGHT - VIEWPORT_HEIGHT / 2) / this.scrollScale;
    const clamped = Math.max(
      0,
      Math.min(targetPx, this.totalHeight - VIEWPORT_HEIGHT),
    );
    scrollEl.scrollTop = clamped;
    this.scrollTop.value = clamped;
  }

  /** Measurement/verification harness (same idea as the reference grids). */
  private installHarness() {
    (window as unknown as { __fw: unknown }).__fw = {
      rows: () => (this.sheet.value ? this.sheet.value.rows : 0),
      cols: COLS,
      createModel: () => this.createModel(),
      hasModel: () => this.hasModel,
      creationMs: () => this.creationMs.value,
      stats: () => (this.sheet.value ? this.sheet.value.stats() : null),
      scrollToRow: (row: number) => this.scrollToRow(row),
      editCell: (row: number, col: number, input: string) =>
        this.sheet.value?.write(row, col, input),
      cellText: (row: number, col: number) => {
        const cellEl = document.querySelector(
          `[data-grid-cell][data-row="${row}"][data-col="${col}"]`,
        );
        return cellEl ? (cellEl.textContent || '').trim() : null;
      },
      cellValue: (row: number, col: number) => {
        const value = this.sheet.value?.valueAt(row, col);
        return value && typeof value === 'object'
          ? String(value)
          : (value ?? null);
      },
      startRow: () => this.startRow,
    };
  }
}

export namespace FlyweightGridPage {
  export const $Class = $FlyweightGridPage;
  export let Class = Reactive($Class);
  export type Instance = typeof Class.Instance;
}

Open in StackBlitz ⚡ — the playground boots with this example's route and file active.

Released under the MIT License.